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The most noticeable patterns in Table 4 are that, after controlling for endogeneity, (1) having a regular doctor has a greater impact on only two services than having a regular site and is as effective as having a regular site for the other three services, and (2) the magnitude of the impact of having a usual source of care differs by service. In descending order of the impact magnitude, having a regular doctor affected: cholesterol level checkups, pap smears, blood pressure checkups, flu shots, and mammograms. The ordered sequence for the impact magnitude of having a regular site was: pap smears, cholesterol level checkups, mammograms, blood pressure checkups, and flu shots. A regular doctor outperformed a regular site in ensuring that individuals have blood pressure and cholesterol level checkups. No significant differences were found in the effects of having a regular doctor and having a regular site on an individual''s receiving flu shots, mammograms, and pap smears.

The fourth and fifth columns are the counterparts alpharetta of columns one and two in single-equation estimations. For blood pressure and cholesterol level checkups, in which endogeneity of having a usual source of care was found, estimations without endogeneity control overestimated the relative effects of having a regular doctor to having a regular site. The comparative advantage of having a regular doctor (relative to having a regular site) estimated by the single-equation approach is shown in the last column of Table 4. Except for blood pressure and cholesterol level checkups, no significant differences were found in the effects of having a regular doctor and having a regular site.

To test the presence of selection biases, an adjusted Wald test was performed for each service on the endogeneity correction terms, the [lambda]''s. The unbiased effects of having a regular doctor and a site were then calculated based on the parameter estimates. The differences in the effects of having a regular doctor and having a regular site on the five preventive services were obtained. Tests were conducted to determine whether the differences were statistically significant. The biased effects obtained through single-equation estimations were also examined.RESULTSTable 2 presents the cross-tabulation of the type of usual source of care and preventive service use. Among the 15,501 individuals, about 23 percent did not have a usual source of care, whereas approximately 44 percent had a regular doctor and one third had a regular site. Persons without a usual source of care had a lower proportion than individuals who had a usual source of care in receiving prevention within the past two years, a result that was significant at a 99 percent confidence level for all five preventive services. When the comparison was made between having a regular doctor and having a regular site, it was found that a regular doctor outperformed a regular site in providing blood pressure checks, cholesterol level checkups, and flu shots. However, a regular site outperformed a regular doctor in providing pap smears. These findings were significant hospital at a 99 percent confidence level. No statistically significant difference was found between having a regular site and having a regular doctor in receiv ing mammograms. Adjusted Wald tests (F tests) were used to evaluate the joint performance of the additional two exogenous variables identifying the equation. In predicting the probabilities of having a regular doctor and having a regular site, the F test scores were 11.92 and 12.55, respectively. They were significant at a 99 percent confidence level.