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In the second stage, the dependent variable was whether an individual did or did not receive each of the following services within the past two years: mammograms, pap smears, blood pressure checkups, cholesterol level checkups, and flu shots. The probability of receiving a service within the past two years was the Y in the equation shown in the empirical model section. The explanatory variables were predisposing, enabling, need, and the endogeneity correction factors. A probit model was used in the second stage.Because the MEPS used a complex sampling design, person weight, primary sampling unit, and sample stratification were incorporated in the two-stage estimation to obtain nationally representative estimates and correct standard errors. The standard errors for the use of predicted probabilities were also adjusted by the weighting scheme of the MEPS. Computer software STATA[R] version 7 (Stata Corp: College Station, TX) was used to perform the regressions controlling for the complex sampling design. The fourth and fifth columns are the counterparts of columns one and two in single-equation estimations. For blood pressure and cholesterol level checkups, in which endogeneity of having a usual source of care was found, estimations without endogeneity control overestimated the relative effects of having a regular doctor to having a regular site. The comparative advantage of having a regular doctor (relative to having a regular site) estimated by the single-equation approach is shown in the last column of Table 4. Except for blood pressure and cholesterol level checkups, no significant differences were found in the effects of having a regular doctor and having a regular site. Based on the conceptualization illustrated in Figure 1, this study focused on how having a regular doctor differs from having a regular site in affecting the use of five preventive services: mammograms, pap smears, blood pressure checkups, cholesterol level checkups, and flu shots. The probabilities of having a usual doctor, a regular site, and no usual source of care were analyzed first in the selection stage. It was followed by the examination of the impact of having a regular doctor and having a regular site on the utilization of each above-mentioned preventive service, while incorporating individuals'' unobservable preferences in the selection stage.
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