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Data and Key VariablesData used to identify the determinants of having a regular doctor or site and how having a regular doctor or site affects the utilization of prevention were extracted from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), conducted by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the National Center for Health Statistics (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 1999). The household survey component from 1996, which contained detailed data on demographic characteristics, health conditions, health status, use of medical care services, charges and payments, access to care, satisfaction with care, health insurance, and income and employment, was used. More than twenty thousand individuals representing the U.S. population were surveyed. More details on the information collected by the MEPS 1996 can be found in other studies (Cohen 1997; Vistnes and Monheit 1997). Table 3 shows the selected parameter estimates from the second-stage estimation. As discussed, the adjusted Wald tests of whether the coefficients of the [lambda]''s were zero were the tests for the endogeneity of having a regular doctor or site. The last column of Table 3 reports the result of the joint tests. The endogeneity of having a regular doctor or site was present for flu shots, blood pressure checkups, and cholesterol level checkups. No selection biases were found in the equations of pap smears or mammograms within the past two years.As described before, the effects of having a regular doctor ([I.sub.d]) and having a regular site ([I.sub.s]) conditional on the choice of a usual source of care are [gamma]1 + ([[alpha].sub.d][[lambda].sub.d] - [[alpha].sub.0][[lambda].sub.0]) and [gamma]2 + ([[alpha].sub.s][[lambda].sub.s] - [[alpha].sub.0][[lambda].sub.0]), respectively. These two effects are show in Table 4. Marginal effects of having a regular doctor and a regular site on the probabilities of receiving preventive services were reported. The [lambda]''s were calculated for each individual based on the predicted probabilities from the first-stage estimation. Because the [lambda]''s vary by individuals, the averages of the [lambda]''s were used in calculating the marginal effects.
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